Two-dimensional atomic crystals (2DAC) have potential application prospects in nanoelectronic devices and optoelectronic devices,and have attracted widespread attention in recent years. Raman spectroscopy has long been recognized as a unique "fingerprint spectroscopy" of material structure. It has many important characteristics,such as fast,accurate,no damage to samples,no sample pretreatment,and greatly reduced research costs. With the successful preparation of a large number of new types of 2DAC,Raman spectroscopy will play an essential role in the establishment of the corresponding fingerprint spectrum and the exploration of exotic physical properties. This paper summarizes the research progress of Raman spectroscopy in detecting the structural characterization of two-dimensional atomic crystals,such as stacking mode,layer number,and anisotropic defects of lattice orientation. At the same time,the resonant Raman spectroscopy is also introduced to reveal the interaction between electrons and photons,electrons and phonons in twodimensional atomic crystals,and even in the acquisition of lattice vibration phonon structures. It is hoped to provide readers with a new perspective to understand the indispensable position of Raman spectroscopy in the basic research and functional application of nanomaterials.